الهیات مسیحی اخلاق مسیحی فضایل مسیحی(وابسته اخص اخلاق مسیحی) (فلسفه اخلاق) فلسفه قرون وسطی مسیحی توماس آکوئیناس English Catholic University of America Press 2008 Table of contents :,Contents,Foreword by Ralph McInerney,General Introduction,Practical Wisdom (Prudence),Introduction,Practical Wisdom Itself,Question 47: The Virtue of Practical Wisdom,Article 1: Is prudence in the faculty of reason?,Article 4: Is practical wisdom a virtue?,Article 6: Does practical wisdom appoint the end to moral virtues?,Article 13: Can practical wisdom be in sinners?,Article 14: Is practical wisdom in all who have grace?,Article 15: Is practical wisdom in us by nature?,Parts of Practical Wisdom,Question 48: The Parts of Practical Wisdom,Article 1: Is practical wisdom fittingly divided into three parts?,Question 49: Quasi-Integral Parts of Practical Wisdom,Article 3: Is teachableness a part of practical wisdom?,Article 6: Is foresight a part of practical wisdom?,Gift of Practical Wisdom,Question 52: The Gift of Counsel,Article 1: Should counsel be considered among the gifts of the Holy Spirit?,Vices Contrary to Practical Wisdom,Question 53: Imprudence,Article 1: Is imprudence a sin?,Article 5: Is inconstancy [lack of persistance] a vice against practical wisdom?,Question 55: Counterfeit Practical Wisdom,Article 1: Is prudence of the flesh a sin?,Article 2: Is prudence of the flesh a mortal sin?,Article 3: Is craftiness a special sin?,Article 6: Is anxious care about temporal things contrary to prudence?,Precepts Relating to Practical Wisdom,Question 56: The Precepts Concerning Practical Wisdom,Article 1: Should the Ten Commandments have included a precept of practical wisdom?,Justice,Introduction,Justice Itself,Question 57: What is Right,Article 1: Is right the object of justice?,Article 2: Is right fittingly divided into natural right and positive right?,Question 58: Justice,Article 1: Is justice fittingly defined as being the perpetual and constant will to render to each one his right?,Article 3: Is justice a virtue?,Article 8: Does particular justice have a special matter?,Article 9: Is justice about the passions?,Article 11: Is the act of justice to render to each one his own?,Article 12: Is justice the foremost among all moral virtues?,Question 59: Injustice,Article 2: Is a person unjust through doing an unjust thing?,Article 4: Does anyone who does an unjust act sin mortally?,Question 60: Judgment,Article 2: Is it moral to judge people?,Article 4: Should doubts be interpreted for the best?,Parts of Justice,Question 61: The Parts of Justice,Article 1: Is justice suitably divided into commutative justice and distributive justice?,Question 62: Restitution,Article 5: Must restitution always be made to the person from whom a thing has been taken?,Vices Contrary to Commutative Justice in Deeds,Question 64: Murder,Article 1: Is it immoral to kill any living thing?,Article 2: Is capital punishment moral?,Article 5: Is suicide moral?,Article 6: Is it moral to kill the innocent?,Article 7: Is it moral to kill a person in self-defense?,Article 8: Is one guilty of murder through killing someone by chance?,Question 65: Injuries Committed against a Person,Article 3: Is it moral to imprison a man?,Question 66: Theft and Justice,Article 2: Is private property moral?,Article 5: Is theft always a sin?,Article 6: Is theft a mortal sin?,Article 7: Is it moral to steal through stress of need?,Vices Contrary to Commutative Justice in Speech in Juridical Cases,Question 70: Injustice with Regard to the Person of the Witness,Article 4: Is it always a mortal sin to give false evidence?,Question 71: Injustice in Judgment on the Part of Counsel,Article 3: Does a lawyer sin by defending an unjust cause?,Vices Contrary to Commutative Justice in Speech in Non-Juridical Cases,Question 73: Backbiting,Article 2: Is it a mortal sin to speak ill of absent persons in order to undermine their reputation?,Vices Contrary to Commutative Justice in Economic Matters,Question 78: Usury,Article 1: Is it a sin to take usury for money lent?,Quasi-Integral Parts of Justice and Connected Virtues,Question 79: The Quasi-Integral Parts of Justice,Article 3: Is omission a special sin?,Article 4: Is a sin of omission worse than a sin of commission?,Justice Toward God: The Virtue of Religion,Question 81: Religion,Article 1: Does religion direct man to God alone?,Article 2: Is religion a virtue?,Article 3: Is religion one virtue?,Article 4: Is religion a special virtue, distinct from the others?,Article 5: Is Religion a theological virtue?,Article 6: Should religion be preferred to the other moral virtues?,Question 83: Prayer,Article 2: Does it make sense to pray?,Article 3: Is prayer an act of religion?,Article 4: Should we pray to God alone?,Article 6: Should we ask God for temporal things when we pray?,Article 8: Should we pray for our enemies?,Question 85: Sacrifices,Article 1: Is offering a sacrifice to God part of the law of nature?,Question 92: Superstition,Article 1: Is superstition a vice contrary to religion?,Other Connected Virtues,Question 101: Piety,Article 1: Does piety extend to particular human individuals?,Question 104: Obedience,Article 4: Should God be obeyed in all things?,Article 5: Are subjects bound to obey their superiors in all things?,Question 105: Disobedience,Article 2: Is disobedience the most serious of sins?,Question 106: Thankfulness,Article 1: Is thankfulness a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?,Question 107: Ingratitude,Article 1: Is ingratitude always a sin?,Article 2: Is ingratitude a special sin?,Article 4: Should favors be withheld from the ungrateful?,Question 108: Vengeance,Article 1: Is vengeance permissible?,Question 110: Lying,Article 1: Is every lie a sin?,Article 4: Is every lie a mortal sin?,Of Vices Opposed to Liberality,Question 118: Greed,Article 5: Is greed the greatest of sins?,Precepts Connected to Justice,Question 122: The Precepts of Justice,Article 1: Are the precepts of the Ten Commandments precepts of justice?,Article 6: Are the other six precepts of the Ten Commandments fittingly expressed?,Courage (Fortitude),Introduction,Courage Itself,Question 123: Courage,Article 1: Is courage a virtue?,Article 5: Is courage properly about dangers of death in battle?,Article 10: Does the brave person make use of anger in his action?,Article 11: Is courage a cardinal virtue?,Article 12: Is courage the greatest of virtues?,Question 124: Martyrdom,Article 1: Is martyrdom an act of virtue?,Article 5: Is faith alone the cause of martyrdom?,Vices Opposed to Courage,Question 125: Fear,Article 1: Is fear a sin?,Article 2: Is the sin of fear contrary to courage?,Article 4: Does fear excuse from sin?,Question 126: Fearlessness,Article 1: Is fearlessness a sin?,Article 2: Is fearlessness opposed to courage?,Parts of Courage,Question 129: Magnanimity,Article 3: Is magnanimity a virtue?,Question 130: Presumption,Article 1: Is presumption a sin?,Question 131: Ambition,Article 1: Is ambition a sin?,Question 132: Vainglory,Article 5: Are the consequences of vainglory disobedience, boastfulness, hypocrisy, contention, obstinacy, discord, and love of novelties?,Question 133: Pusillanimity (Faintheartedness),Article 1: Is pusillanimity (faintheartedness) a sin?,Question 136: Patience,Article 1: Is patience a virtue?,Article 3: Is it possible to have patience without grace?,The Gift of Courage,Question 139: The Gift of Courage,Article 1: Is courage a gift?,Temperance,Introduction,Temperance Itself,Question 141: Temperance,Article 1: Is temperance a virtue?,Article 3: Is temperance only about desires and pleasures?,Article 4: Is temperance only about desires and pleasures of touch?,Article 7: Is temperance a cardinal virtue?,Article 8: Is temperance the greatest of the virtues?,Question 142: The Vices Opposed to Temperance,Article 1: Is insensibility a vice?,Article 3: Is cowardice worse than intemperance?,Subjective Parts of Temperance,Question 147: Fasting from Food,Article 1: Is fasting a virtue?,Article 3: Is fasting a matter of obligation?,Question 148: Gluttony,Article 1: Is gluttony a sin?,Article 4: Are the kinds of gluttony fittingly distinguished?,Article 5: Is gluttony a capital vice?,Question 149: Sobriety,Article 3: Is it always wrong to drink wine?,Question 150: Drunkenness,Article 1: Is it wrong to get drunk?,Article 2: Is drunkenness a mortal sin?,Article 4: Does drunkenness excuse from sin?,Question 151: Chastity,Article 1: Is chastity a virtue?,Article 2: Is chastity a general virtue?,Question 152: Virginity,Article 2: Is it wrong to remain a virgin?,Article 3: Is virginity a virtue?,Article 4: Is virginity more excellent than marriage?,Question 153: Lust,Article 2: Is every sexual act a sin?,Article 3: Is the lust that is brought about by sexual acts a sin?,Question 154: The Parts of Lust,Article 2: Is premarital sex (simple fornication) a mortal sin?,Article 3: Is premarital sex the most grievous of sins?,Article 8: Is adultery a special kind of lust?,Article 11: Is the unnatural vice a species of lust?,Potential Parts of Temperance,Question 155: Continence (Self-Control),Article 1: Is continence a virtue?,Article 4: Is continence better than temperance?,Question 156: Incontinence,Article 2: Is incontinence a sin?,Article 3: Does the incontinent person sin more gravely than the intemperate person?,Article 4: Is the incontinent in anger worse than the incontinent in desire?,Question 158: Anger,Article 1: Is it ethically permissible to be angry?,Article 2: Is anger a sin?,Question 161: Humility,Article 1: Is humility a virtue?,Question 162: Pride,Article 1: Is pride a sin?,General Index,Scripture Index text Kaczor, Christopher Author Sherman, Thomas Author آکویناس قدیس, توماس (Thomas Aquinas؛ فیلسوف ارسطویی و متکلم مسیحی ایتالیایی؛ معروف به حکیم آسمانی؛ تلفیق کننده فلسفه‌ی ارسطو با مسیحیت), 1225#1274م. 1225#1274م. Descriptor Christopher Kaczor, Thomas Sherman Author book 9780813233611 1402-11-12 1402-11-15